must
The German verb müssen means 'must' or 'to have to'. It is used to express obligation, necessity, or a strong recommendation.
verb
Meaning: to have to
Ich muss heute arbeiten.
I have to work today.
Meaning: to need
Ich muss dringend einkaufen gehen.
I urgently need to go shopping.
Meaning: to be supposed to
Du musst pünktlich zum Meeting kommen.
You are supposed to come to the meeting on time.
Meaning: to be forced to
Er musste das Auto reparieren lassen.
He had to get the car repaired.
Meaning: to be compelled to
Sie musste die Entscheidung treffen.
She was compelled to make the decision.
A1: Ich muss zur Arbeit gehen.
A1: I have to go to work.
A1: Du musst dein Zimmer aufräumen.
A1: You have to tidy up your room.
A1: Er muss seine Hausaufgaben machen.
A1: He has to do his homework.
B1: Gestern musste ich zum Arzt gehen.
B1: Yesterday I had to go to the doctor.
B1: Sie hat gesagt, dass sie heute Abend arbeiten muss.
B1: She said that she has to work tonight.
B2: Wenn du nicht aufpasst, wirst du den Zug verpassen müssen.
B2: If you don't pay attention, you will have to miss the train.
B2: Ich hätte meine Schlüssel mitnehmen müssen.
B2: I should have taken my keys with me.
C1: Nachdem er das Buch gelesen hatte, musste er darüber einen Aufsatz schreiben.
C1: After he had read the book, he had to write an essay about it.
C1: Wenn ich mehr Zeit gehabt hätte, hätte ich dir helfen können.
C1: If I had had more time, I could have helped you.
C2: Die Regierung hätte die Maßnahmen früher ergreifen müssen, um die Krise zu verhindern.
C2: The government should have taken the measures earlier to prevent the crisis.
Müssen is a modal verb in German and is conjugated differently than regular verbs. It is often used with an infinitive verb to indicate what must be done. For example, 'Ich muss arbeiten' means 'I must work'.
In addition to expressing obligation and necessity, müssen can also be used to give advice or make a strong recommendation. For example, 'Du musst unbedingt zum Arzt gehen' means 'You really must go to the doctor'.
It's important to note that müssen is often used in conjunction with other modal verbs such as können (can) and sollen (should) to express different degrees of obligation or recommendation. For example, 'Du solltest mehr Sport treiben, aber du musst nicht' means 'You should do more sports, but you don't have to'.